Vietnam War :: essays research papers

Vietnam War The Vietnam War was a military battle beginning in 1959 and finishing in 1975. It started as an endeavor by the Vietcong (Communist Guerrillas) to topple the Southern Vietnam Government. This exploration paper will talk about the Vietnam War, US inclusion in this war, and critical fights. Following the acquiescence of Japan to the Allies in August 1945, Vietminh guerrillas held onto the capital city of Hanoi and constrained the renouncement of Emperor Bao Dai. On September 2 they pronounced Vietnam to be autonomous and declared the formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ordinarily called North Vietnam, with Ho Chi Minh as president. France formally perceived the new state, however the resulting powerlessness of the Vietminh and France to arrive at good political and financial understandings prompted furnished clash starting in December 1946. "Northern Vietnam was resolved to pick up it's freedom" (Davis 12). With French support Bao Dai set up the province of Vietnam, regularly called South Vietnam, on July 1, 1949, and built up another capital at Saigon (presently Ho Chi Minh City). "Where as the Southern Vietnam government appeared to be substance to be a kind of a colony" (Davis 12). The next year, the U.S. formally perceived the Saigon government, and to help it. President Harry S. Truman dispatched a military help warning gathering to prepare South Vietnam in the utilization of U.S. weapons. In April 1961, a bargain of harmony and monetary relations was marked with South Vietnam, and in December, President John F. Kennedy vowed to enable South Vietnam to keep up its freedom. In this manner, U.S. monetary and military help to the Diem government expanded fundamentally. In December 1961, the first U.S. troops, comprising of 400 formally dressed armed force staff, showed up in Saigon so as to work two helicopter organizations; the U.S. announced, in any case, that the soldiers were not battle units all things consi dered. After a year, U.S. military quality in Vietnam remained at 11,200. Before the finish of 1965 American battle quality was about 200,000. In February 1965, U.S. planes started customary shelling assaults over North Vietnam. A stop was requested in May in the expectation of starting harmony talks, yet when North Vietnam dismissed all dealings, the bombings were continued. From February 1965 as far as possible of full scale U.S. association in 1973, South Vietnamese powers for the most part battled against the Vietcong guerrillas. While U.S. also, unified soldiers battled the North Vietnamese in a war of whittling down set apart by fights in such places as the Ia Dang Valley, Dak To, Loc Ninh, and Khe Sanh-all triumphs for the non-Communist powers.

Psychological review Essay

This fascinating film had many curve and turns that constantly kept you as eager and anxious as can be. The strange consummation could have been hindered in a wide range of perspectives relying upon the individual viewing the film. The mental job of the film was enormous, with patients running from suspicious schizophrenia to different character issue. The patients in the Manhattan Institute are experiencing different various issue. The patient Prot was a hallucinating individual that likewise experienced PTSD. He thinks he’s from another planet, and numerous other of the patients are beginning to trust him. Bess is another patient that is in a condition of sadness called paraiod schizophrenia and insane despondency. Maria is a patient that is experiencing Multiple Personality Order. Her characters fluctuate structure to each other. Howie is a patient that is on sedatives, and he has a craving for flawlessness. He invests most his energy understanding word references and reference books which empowers him in his psyche to talk with no mix-ups. Prot is to be said from another planet, K-Pax. The proof that is supporting his announcement would be various occasions in the film. In the first place, he gave a whole guide of his nearby planetary group and the specific directions. It was an astonishing revelation that no other space expert has yet found presently. Next would be the point at which the researcher said that Prot could see bright light, no individual can see this light. Additionally when Prot conversed with the doctor’s hound about the children sneaking up on the pooch that the canine didn't care for that and the canine revealed to him that which he conversed with the children about not sneaking up on the pooch from the left side since he was deaf in that ear. Prot said that he was going out traveling to Iceland and Greenland. The specialist didn’t trust him yet Prot was absent for two or three days. At the point when he said he was returning to his planet at that specific time and date, a light came into the room and wrecked all the security frameworks. Likewise Bess was missing in light of the fact that he said he was going to take one individual back with him. After this episode Prot didn’t need to wear his shades, and didn’t talk by any means. The entirety of different patients didn’t remember him by any means. Likewise where Robert Potter lived close to Roswell, New Mexico, which is where outsiders have been spotted. Additionally after Robert slaughtered the attacker and killer he went down to murder himself in the waterway. The film never truly offers you the specific response you are searching similarly as in the event that he was an outsider or not, it leaves the watcher to decide their own answer. All things considered, k-pax is as yet one of my preferred films as a result of the mental components behind it.

Why the IoT Fails Avoiding Communication, Planning, and Budgeting Pitfalls When Implementing IoT Projects

Why the IoT Fails Avoiding Communication, Planning, and Budgeting Pitfalls When Implementing IoT Projects The Internet of Things (IoT) appears to be an industry ripe with promise. Gartner predicts the number of IoT devices will increase by 31%from 2016 to 2017, reaching a total number of 8.4 billion. By 2020, the number is expected to grow again: Gartner’s analysts believe 20.4 billion IoT products and services will exist by that time.The International Data Corporation (IDC) also forecasts a year-over-year growth of nearly 17%, resulting in slightly over $800 billion in 2017. Like Gartner, the IDC expects the numbers to continue their upward trajectoryâ€"the company says global IoT spending could equal almost $1.5 trillion by 2021.The two research firms explain that this growth rises from widespread use and value in numerous industries, ranging from healthcare and manufacturing to utilities and smart building technologies. These IoT applications will only grow because, as John Greenough and Jonathan Camhi at Business Insider explain, the IoT “will be the future of the way businesses, governments, and consumers interact with the physical world.” Yet despite these astounding statistics and projections, IoT-based projects today seem to be failing. Below, we’ll explore some common pitfalls and how you can overcome them and remain successful for the future.THE IOT IS GROWING, BUT CHALLENGES REMAINTurning the IoT into the future of interactions with the physical world presents many challenges, a fact demonstrated in Cisco’s 2017 research study “The Journey to IoT Value: Challenges, Breakthroughs, and Best Practices”:Nearly three-quarters of IoT projects are failing.Roughly 60% of respondents reported that IoT programs look ideal during the planning stage but often prove more complex than expected.Only 26% of surveyed companies achieve success with their IoT initiatives.The report analyzes the differences between companies that succeed or fail, eliciting several points of comparison. Companies with successful IoT implementations, for instance, evidence a technology-centric culture and internal and external IoT expertise. C ompanies with a higher failure rate lack those two features. They may also struggle with poor budget planning, project management, and data capture and analysis.But the news isn’t all negative. Cisco reports companies that succeed with the IoT can benefit from actionable data. With it, they decrease overheads, enhance product quality or performance, and improve decision-making. Organizations also remain faithful to the IoT’s promise despite the difficulties.In fact, 61% of surveyed companies share that “they have barely begun to scratch the surface of what IoT can do for their business.”IOT PROJECTS CAN SUCCEEDIoT project failure can be attributed to either human error or business mistakes. IoT projects also collapse for technological reasons, but a business decision or human misunderstanding almost always precedes a technology malfunction.Because of that, we’ll only go more in-depth about human and business factors and how you can overcome these issues and be successful w ith your IoT projects.Human Factor: CollaborationIn Ciscos press release for its IoT report, the authors warn companies against viewing IoT projects as being “all about technology.” Human factors like collaboration, accountability, company culture, and leadership are critical to success. They give people a reason to care about IoT initiatives, and they also give people a sense of purpose and wellbeing.Soit comes as little surprise that 54% of surveyed companies list collaboration between IT and the business as the number-one priority. However, other respondents believe that collaboration may not be the most important factor to IoT project success:When contemplating IoT projects, IT executives emphasize more on technology, culture, expertise, and vendors.Business executives, by contrast, place more importance on strategy, business use cases, processes, and milestones.Cisco also reports that 35% of IT executives view an IoT initiative a complete success, as compared to 15% of busi ness executives. The difference in opinion poses dangers. It, for instance, can result in misalignment and miscommunication, ultimately threatening project success.Fortunately, the challenge isn’t insurmountable. The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) offers advice about how to embrace collaboration and create high-performing teams. The organization’s research finds that such teams aren’t “a collection of people simply following orders.” Rather, they embody the following five characteristics:“A deep sense of purpose and commitment to the team’s members and to the [company] mission”“Relatively more ambitious performance goals than average teams”“Mutual accountability and a clear understanding of members’ responsibilities to the team and individual obligations”“A diverse range of expertise that complements other team members”“Interdependence and trust between members”Developing these qualities takes time and effort, but with them, you can be nefit from teams that strive together toward a common goal, such as completing a new IoT program.Human Factor: Company CultureCisco also reports that 49% of companies surveyed rank culture slightly below collaboration. The surveyed respondents consider it a key element, saying it stems from top-down leadership and executive sponsorshipâ€"people who, according to the Project Management Institute (PMI), spearhead projects and often “significantly increase collaboration and support, boost project success rates, and reduce risk.”Several other studies highlight the impact corporate culture has on business performance and related elements, such as employee engagement, happiness, and satisfaction:Deloitte Insights concludes its research by saying, “Organizations that create a culture defined by meaningful work, deep employee engagement, job and organizational fit, and strong leadership are outperforming their peers and will likely beat their competition in attracting top talent.”Fo rbes contributor William Craig outlines two studies that tie company culture to employee happiness and engagement, detailing how these traits affect their productivity and, ultimately, business performance.In a study by Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business, 50% of respondents say company culture affects creativity, profitability, and productivity.Harvard Business Review (HBR) also tracks company culture and business performance. It also provides guidelines for creating a positive culture that drives results. HBR says a healthy workplace culture comprises six components:“Caring for, being interested in, and maintaining responsibility for colleagues as friends”“Providing support for one another, including offering kindness and compassion when others are struggling”“Avoiding blame and forgiving mistakes”“Inspiring one another at work”“Emphasizing the meaningfulness of the work”“Treating one another with respect, gratitude, trust, and integrity”Such quali ties may make a difference and can motivate colleagues and employees to invest extra time and effort into IoT implementations as they work together on projects.Human Factor: Talent and ExpertiseRegarding IoT expertise, 48% of surveyed company executives say they sometimes source that knowledge internally. IoT projects, though, demand expertise and skill sets not always found within the organization. In those situations, companies develop external partnerships for strategic planning, industrial network engineering, software or hardware design, and data analytics.These partnerships form because without that reservoir of talent in-house, projects of all types fail much more often, a point demonstrated in “Rally the Talent to Win: Transforming Strategy into Reality.” The study, conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) and sponsored by PMI, asked companies, “How often have talent deficiencies significantly hampered the implementation and execution of strategy in the last three years?” Their responses reveal the extent of the problem:About 35% of respondents report “talent deficiencies significantly hampered more than one-half of their efforts at introducing and implementing strategy.”“On average, talent deficiencies undermine implementation and execution 40% of the time.”Survey respondents also indicate challenges with determining existing talent at their organizations (47%); acquiring talent (57%); developing talent (58%); and retaining talent (57%).The Association for Talent Development (ATD) notes a similar trend in its downloadable white paper Bridging the Skills Gap. The paper reports 84% of respondents experience a skills gap that causes product development to lag or kills potential projects.That being the case, the questions company executives must ask themselves is how they can enrich existing talent pools and when to work with third parties. Some companies invest in training and education, a tactic ManpowerGroup recommends and whi ch companies around the world use. However, when those skills aren’t present and require an inordinate amount of company time and resources, you should either make key hires for IoT experts or partner with a vendor.The second option shouldn’t be perceived as a failureâ€"working with a third-party can be beneficial. As Inbar Lasser-Raab, vice president of Cisco Enterprise Solutions Marketing, says in the press release, “But where we see most of the opportunity is where we partner with other vendors and create solutions that are not only connected but also share data. That shared data is the basis of a network of industriesâ€"sharing of insights to make tremendous gains for business and society, because no one company can solve this alone.”Business Factor: Project Planning and ManagementAs mentioned earlier, 60% of IoT projects fail because they prove more complicated than estimated. Cisco asked companies to share the reasons for project stalls, with the following five claimin g top spots:Time to completionLimited internal expertiseData qualityTeam integrationBudget overrunsIntegrating across organizational teams requires collaboration as well as a workplace culture that encourages it, as detailed above. Integration, though, often demands strong leadership and project management tooâ€"a person or group of people capable of seeing the big picture and comprehending how each detail contributes to it.In addition, IoT projects need careful business planning, which starts at the conceptual phase. Gartner’s research vice president and lead analyst for IoT research Mark Hung gives advice on the topic, urging companies to “move the conversation from talking about the IoT in general to talking about what it can do, or be, specific to your organization.” His colleague, research director Chet Geschickter, adds, “Be sure to balance pragmatism (what is proven to deliver now) with vision (how the IoT can enable transformational business moments).”Karen Field, executive director of content at Penton for its IoT initiative, helps with that movement. Field says companies should answer five questions about their IoT projects prior to development and implementation:What is the purpose of the project?Who will benefit and how?What is the state of technology?How severe is change management?Is this a tactical or strategic project?These questions dovetail with Hung and Geschickter’s advice, ensuring you and other companies conduct market research and define a problem before building an IoT solution.For example, answering the technology question above helps you develop a framework for software and hardware design. Change management identifies hurdles that you must overcome before people will use the IoT service or product. The last question determines whether a project primarily offers short- or long-term value.Business Factor: Data Analytics and SecurityAnother business factor is data analytics. Cisco says companies with “successful IoT initia tives drive smart-data windfalls.” Survey respondents seem to agree. According to Cisco’s report, 73% percent of organizations use IoT data in the following five ways:Decrease operational expensesEnhance product quality or performanceImprove customer interactionsImprove decision-makingReduce maintenance costs and downtimeCisco’s press release augments the report’s findings. It notes “improved profitability was the top unexpected benefit (39%)” of IoT implementations. In addition, 64% of companies use IoT data to inform future technology investments.But those benefits require more than a data-centric approach. They must also encompass a security-by-design methodology so data remains secure, private, accurate, and actionable. As Mary K. Pratt, IoT Agenda contributor, remarks, “The Internet of Things makes virtually every aspect of information governance more complicated. There are more devices, more vulnerabilities, more information that’s flowing. That makes IoT data security more complicated, too.”The complexity, though, can be simplified thanks to an unexpected source: the US Department of Homeland Security. The federal body has been involved with the IoT since it became clear that the technology was and is a breeding ground for cyber attacks.Homeland Security, however, aims to accomplish more than a call to arms or oversight of security vulnerabilities. It also proposes a set of principles to help companies and organizations combat security risks and experience IoT benefits:“Incorporate security at the design phase.”“Advance security updates and vulnerabilities management.”“Build on proven security practices.”“Prioritize security measures according to potential impact.”“Promote transparency across the IoT.”“Connect carefully and deliberately.”Some of the principles may sound familiar even if you’re new to IoT initiatives. The fourth step, for instance, echoes risk management planning. The fifth step benefits you an d your customers by helping you build a healthy company culture, assuring consumers about how their data is used and stored, and sharing knowledge across not only the IoT but also your specific industry.THE IOT IS HERE TO STAYPeople still refer to the IoT as “the Wild West.” Industry standards continue to change, and companies continue to figure out how the IoT intersects with their business goals. But the wildness shouldn’t deter your involvement with the technologyâ€"the IoT is too big and too beneficial for that.Instead, address the human and business factors discussed here. Create a healthy corporate culture, encourage collaboration, source quality talent, build your business strategy, and employ data security and analytics. If you achieve those five things before, during, and after your IoT project, you could claim a coveted position as a company that gets and uses the IoT to drive business results.About the author Shea Drake lives in Salt Lake City and loves to see the way tech affects the way we live, work, and play. To keep up the conversation you can find her on Twitter @sheadrakephoto, she’d love to hear from you.

Essay on Stress Survey - 612 Words

University of Phoenix Material Stress Survey Name: Ngoc Quach 1. Check off any of the following symptoms you have experienced in the past 6 months. x Headaches or migraines Insomnia or sleep problems Irritability Fatigue Digestive trouble Sinus Pain, tension, or numbness Constipation Allergies Neck Legs Diarrhea Menstrual problems Shoulders Arms Gas Bladder trouble Hands Low back Bloating Ringing in ears Nervousness Dizziness Weight trouble 2. Choose the one above that causes you the most problems: Does this cause you to be any of†¦show more content†¦I learn to not let the financial strain distract me from taking care of myself. 2) In what situation could eustress also be considered distress? Explain. A situation I would describe is stressing about bills causes me to be distracted from everything activities like eating and sleeping. This would cause distress in my life because I would lose sleep and my appetite has also diminished. 3) The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. What are the physiological changes that happen to the body during this response? I believe the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal chemical that will then results in catecholamines. This is seen in the first stage of general adaptation syndrome. 4) What are some ways to deal with stress? How will you deal with stress? Explain. I learned that exercising is a big stress reliever for any individual. Your body might be out of shape but there are so many kinds of exercises from lifting weights to dancing. I also think choosing a hobby like sewing, knitting, or even painting has helped as well. 5) Chronic stress is linked to about 70% of disease. In the textbook, under â€Å"Physical Effects of Stress,† it list various ailments associated with chronic stress. How have these affected you or someone you know? Explain. I do not know anyone personally that dealt with chronic stress but I have talked to clients that tell me about their health journeyShow MoreRelatedReview Of A Survey Of Diet Self Efficacy, And Stress Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesReview Article, Self-Efficacy, Perceived Stress, Diet Review Analysis of a Peer Reviewed Article on Diet, Self-Efficacy, and Stress The research article by Nastaskin Fiocco (2015) titled â€Å"A survey of diet self-efficacy and food intake in students with high and low perceived stress† is to address unhealthy eating habits in young adults and its causes. The research question examined by the authors argued that understanding the relationship between stress, self-efficacy and food choice in youngRead MoreEvaluation Of A Non Independent Variable, Dependent Variable And A Mediator On The Student s Sleep Quality Rating Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesrestfulness of student’s sleep, and the mediating variable is stress reaction. 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Other people feel tensed or stressed by the slightest change from theirRead MoreThe Effect Of The Stress Of Exams On The Cigarette Consumption Level Of Young Students920 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigate the effects of the stress of exams in the cigarette consumption level of young students. It was found that students are more prone to smoke when they are under the stress of exams. There are a significant amount of results that agree with the hypothesis. It was found that the majority of participants who claimed being smokers are in the age of 18-22 and are college students. Moreover, the 87% of the responses stated that exams produce great levels of stress in students and the 42% believedRead MoreA Stressful Event That The Nurse Experienced1611 Words   |  7 Pagesnurse experienced in a working environment, and the ways to manage the stress with use of psychosocial mediator. The author will provide a specific stress producing situation and evidences supporting the event as a stressor. 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It also addresses various preventative measures such as eating better, stress-management and exercise which have been known to reduce stress, and ultimately burnout. Each article used different research methods and different data sets such as the H ospital Compare section of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) website, and the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (HCAHPSS), however, each article yielded

Ap World Chapter 14 and 15 Outline Essay - 3611 Words

AP World History Test Review: Rise of Islam and East Asia (Chapter 14 and 15) 1. Discuss the following with regards to Islam: A. FOUNDING: Islam was founded by Muhammad when he received word from Allah in a prophecy (or vision). He began life in Mecca where idolatry was a main fact of life but had to flee to Madinah to escape prosecution in what has come to be known as the Hijrah. Islam spread through his family and friends at first but later his companions known as sahabat continued his work by a number of successful conquests which spread Islam to most of the middle east. Islam reached it high point when Muhammad and his army from Madinah conquered Mecca which was later deemed to the the Holy City. B. BELIEFS: 1) Daily prayer†¦show more content†¦Banks were lending money to entrepreneurs and let also served as brokers for investments and exchanged all different currencies. Established sakk- the rook for â€Å"check.† Let merchants deal without using cash. Usually traveled in groups. HVI. AL-ANDALUS: The prosperity of Islamic Spain. Illustrated the far-reaching effects of long distance trade during the Abbasid era. HVII. INFLUENCE OF INDIA ON ISLAMIC THOUGHT: Indian mathematics grabbed the attention of places in the Dar al-Islam. Muslims found it attractive for both educational purposes and accounting. They adopted â€Å"Indian numerals,† which was later called the â€Å"Arab numerals,† since they learned it from the Arabian Muslims. Completely simplified bookkeeping. HVIII. ARCHITECTURE: Mosques in the old days were decorated beautifully with calligraphy and tile. They also had their own kind of domes that they used on the most important buildings. Used minarets. The specific geometric forms decorating the walls (known as Arabesque) represent the infinite. HIX: INFLUENCE OF CHINA ISLAMIC EMPIRE: Persia fell under Islam at an early date, especially after the Abbasid dynasty and the founding of its capital Baghdad. 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Stochiometry lab Free Essays

Immediately turned too navy blue color Same musty looking cloud that floated and did not mix well, brought out the blue lour Immediately changed color to a musty yellow color, not very see through anymore either No Change Caused creamy white substance that did not mix well, not immediate reaction Enhanced light blue color with creamy substance not mixing into the middle Turned to a dark blue color with a hint of brown looking Musty cream cloud that did not mix. Brought out the yellow Made the yellow color a shade darker, not much change Cream specks, mixed better than others, faster reaction as well Darkened the yellow tint and mixed well with original Darker the yellow color, as well as making It seem a hint of orange Musty cream that mixed a little and faded with a clear looking substance Minimal Change, blended into clear substance Created a dark white color, very hard to see through, thick looking substance No Change Muggy cream that took over the clear color substance, immediate reaction Must cream color, almost looks like a cloud, very enhanced over the black paper More grey colored and more visible to see the bottom Musty cloud, that did not mix but brought the light green out in the dye No change, blended to clear with small hint of green No Change Greenish Cream Substance, mixed decently but still see through Teal color created with the musty cream color still around Same teal tint created as solution before Conclusion: Throughout this experiment, I learned that mixing Ionic compounds can cause a different reaction for each. All compounds included sodium, which made it interesting to see the different reactions occur Just by changing one chemical in the compound. We will write a custom essay sample on Stochiometry lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reactions that took place were all physical reactions, mostly being a color change or the addition of the creamy color look. Dark paper makes all colors ore easily spotted, whether a change took place or not. My personal favorite was adding the Nappy simply because it brought out all of the original colors of the solutions. This helped me understand the changes that were taking place as I went throughout the rest of the experiment. For many of the additions, as time passed they became more defined. Ionic compounds typically carry two charges, one positive and one negative. This is why the white participate is formed in all of the equations. Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride both had little to no change to the substance in al reactions, this lead Error could occur in this experiment, but it was very difficult. How to cite Stochiometry lab, Papers

Police Misconduct free essay sample

They offer assistance and take charge of many different situations such as car accidents, flooding, and hurricanes. Police officers also help find missing people and settle arguments between people. They watch for speeding drivers on the road and give traffic tickets. Specially  trained  police officers (detectives) investigate crimes that have already happened, such as robbery, kidnapping, or murder. Police work is very tough, but thanks to them, everyone lives more safely. It is important to bear in mind that law enforcement officers have to preserve order and protect citizens. Because of this very challenging job, often times, officers find themselves involved in extremely unpredictable and often dangerous situations in which they risk serious injury to their lives so that other citizens may be safe. Many officers are injured or killed trying to protect the public. In order to minimize harm to others and to themselves, law enforcement officers must exercise critical and quick judgment, often when the circumstances are volatile and potentially deadly. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Misconduct or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes, police officers do not exercise integrity for their job (Chan, 1997). In this report, I will address police culture and misconduct. First, I will discuss the main issues, which will include the history and current situation of police departments and misconduct. Secondly, I will analyze theories, cultures, laws, and other relevant data on the topic. Finally, I will share with your recommendations for tackling this growing problem that is plaguing our society. MAIN ISSUES Throughout history, efforts to police societies have been blemished by brutality and misconduct to some degree. In the ancient world, policing entities subjected citizens to terror and abusive treatment to gain control. In the English-speaking world, most modern-day police departments were first established in the nineteenth century, and in the early days cases of police brutality were recurring. Marilynn S. Johnson, a researcher who wrote, Street Justice: A History of Police Violence in New York City, describes the routine bludgeoning of citizens by patrolmen armed with nightsticks or blackjacks. In the United States, the passage of the Volstead Act in 1919 (the National Prohibition Act) had a long-term negative impact on policing practices. The demand for alcohol and the rewards gained from the sell of alcohol in the mid-1920s, gave way to growing crime. Understaffed and with meager resources, many law enforcement agencies engaged in the use of unlawful practices. By the time of the Hoover administration, the issue had grown to national concern and a National Committee on Law Observation and Enforcement was formed to look into the situation. Their investigation concluded that police brutality and other miscarriages of justice were prevalent. In the years following the report, landmark legal judgments such as Brown v. Mississippi helped to cement a legal obligation to respect the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. During the Civil Rights Era in the 1960s, African Americans had to overcome numerous incidents of police brutality in its struggle for justice and racial equality. In the United States, race and police brutality continue to be closely linked, and the phenomenon has sparked a string of race riots over the years. The use of physical force, assault, verbal attacks, and threats were dominant in how many officers conducted their job. In most recent years, police brutality has often flared at global summits where protesters have sought to challenge the legitimacy of various institutions of economic globalization such as the WTO, the World Bank, the IMF, the G8, and international trade regimes such as the NAFTA and the FTAA. An extensive U. S. Department of Justice report on police use of force released in 2001 indicates that in 1999, approximately 422,000 people 16 years old and older were estimated to have had contact with police in which force or the threat of force was used. In dealing largely with disorderly elements of the society, some people working in law enforcement may gradually develop an attitude or sense of authority over society, particularly under traditional reaction-based policing models; in some cases the police believe that they are above the law. In other cases, police corruption and misconduct may be explained by individuals and individual faults- behavioral, psychological, background factors, and so on. Since their has been policing entities, it is understood by most that law enforcement officers have been performing a public service that is not easy to carry out. To assist law enforcement officers in diffusing situations, apprehending alleged criminals, and protecting themselves and others, officers are legally entitled to use appropriate means, including force. In discussing police misconduct, this report acknowledges not only the legal grant of such authority, but also the trying circumstances that law enforcement officers find themselves in, which necessitate use of force. Today, it seems quite clear that we as observant citizens in a democratic society can see that employees who are given the task of preserving peace and the authority to use dangerous and deadly force must be subject to maximum accountability. ANALYSIS â€Å"Who will guard the guardians? † asked the Roman satirist Juvenalis. While the large majority of police officers are untouched by duplicity, there can be little doubt that there are many reported cases of police corruption and misconduct. Even though the situation with our policing entities is not great, police practices in other nations vary greatly with the American police experience. New immigrants are often surprised to learn of the amount of restraint exercised by American police. Police brutality and corruption are regular practices in many countries. Most police agencies require applicants to pass a written exam; a medical exam; a physical fitness test; a psychological and/or polygraph test; drug screening; and an oral board. Most academies include military marching, inspections, and salutations to senior officers. Some academies still include military stress drills in an attempt to weed out those that can not handle the situation. However, even with all the training, and even though the United States may not be the worst, police misconduct is still a growing concern that needs to be addressed in this country. Historically, countries like Australia largely preferred to trust police to keep their house in order, with some external guardianship administered by the courts and government. Some find this simple approach to be effective. Others call for improvements in inadequate existing procedures or stronger measures to prevent misconduct from becoming widespread and entrenched in police organizations. Although numerous studies have attempted to understand the causes of various forms of police misconduct, there is still no clear theoretical explanation of police misbehavior. However, Akers social learning theory speculates that peer associations, attitudes, reinforcement, and modeling are predictors of delinquency and crime in general, including police misconduct. The social learning theory gives us insight on police culture, a part of which includes the Blue Code of Silence. It also may explain how police culture may contribute to the current state of police departments. As it is defined in the Websters New Collegiate Dictionary, police culture is the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thought, speech, action, and artifacts and depends on mans capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations(Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary as quoted in Emerson, 1989: p. ). Culture has long been of interest to anthropologists as they studied groups of animals and people throughout the globe. The anthropologist Clyde Kluchohn defined culture as the set of habitual and traditional ways of thinking, feeling, and reacting that are characteristic of the ways a particular society meets its problems at a particular time (Kluckhon, 1949:17). Police culture is similar throughout all police departments in America. It is known by many that this culture harbors themes of isolation, solidarity, conformity, and distrust. Police culture seems to be at odds with codes of ethics. There is considerable opportunity for the values, beliefs, and rituals to be played out in negative forms. It encourages misguided loyalty and is harmful to the community’s welfare. It hinders reform efforts, partly because those that are suppose to be responsible for overseeing police officers will not admit there is a problem. They deny any existence of such a culture. They would rather blame any misconduct on a few â€Å"bad apples† on the force rather than the fact that there is a very real, systematic problem. It is important to understand that all of which is sustained through the way new members are selected, trained, and accepted into the police ranks. Because there is a brewing pot of injustice on behalf of many police departments, there are laws and legislation in place that protect against police brutality and misconduct. The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects against unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution includes the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses. The Civil Rights Act of 1871has evolved into a key U. S. law in brutality. By law, the U. S. Commission on Civil Rights has established an advisory committee in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The committees are composed of state citizens who serve without compensation. The committees advise the Commission of civil rights issues in their states that are within the Commission’s jurisdiction. More specifically, they are authorized to advise the Commission on matters of their state’s concern in the preparation of Commission reports to the President and the Congress; receive reports, suggestions, and recommendations from individuals, public officials, and representatives of public and private organizations to committee inquiries; forward advice and recommendations to the Commission, as requested; and observe any open hearing or conference conducted by the Commission in their states. The Federal Civil Enforcement Police Misconduct Provision makes it unlawful for State or local law enforcement officers to engage in a pattern or practice of conduct that deprives persons of rights protected by the Constitution or laws of the United States. The types of conduct covered by this law can include, among other things, excessive force, discriminatory harassment, false arrests, coercive sexual conduct, and unlawful stops, searches or arrests. In order to be covered by this law, the misconduct must constitute a pattern or practice it may not simply be an isolated incident. The Department of Justice (DOJ) must be able to show in court that the agency has an unlawful policy or that the incidents constituted a pattern of unlawful conduct. However, unlike other civil laws, DOJ does not have to show that discrimination has occurred in order to prove a pattern or practice of misconduct. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the OJP (Office of Justice Program) Program Statute are laws that prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, and religion by State and local law enforcement agencies that receive financial assistance from the Department of Justice. This maybe harassment or use of racial slurs, unjustified arrests, discriminatory traffic stops, coercive sexual conduct, retaliation for filing a complaint with DOJ or participating in the investigation, use of excessive force, or refusal by the agency to respond to complaints alleging discriminatory treatment by its officers. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 prohibit discrimination against individuals with disabilities on the basis of disability. Section 504 prohibits discrimination by State and local law enforcement agencies that receive financial assistance from DOJ. Section 504 also prohibits discrimination in programs and activities conducted by Federal agencies, including law enforcement agencies. These laws prohibit discriminatory treatment, including misconduct, on the basis of disability in virtually all law enforcement services and activities. These activities include, among others, interrogating witnesses, providing emergency services, enforcing laws, addressing citizen complaints, and arresting, booking, and holding suspects. These laws also prohibit retaliation for filing a complaint with DOJ or participating in the investigation. SUGGESTIONS AND/OR RECOMMENDATIONS The issue is no longer one of whether or not the guards needing guarding, but of determining the best kind of guardianship. A diverse range of strategies and systems has emerged. All of which are claiming their effectiveness. However, many have failed for various reasons including resistance to change by organizational culture. I am in agreement with many advocates against police corruption and misconduct when they suggest that they make the complaint process open and responsive, computerize data ollection and improve record keeping, strengthen the position of police auditor, streamline and improve the investigation process, while maybe using a disciplinary matrix (see attachment). Also, they should professionalize and empower the Internal Investigations Section. Due to the growing incidents of police misconduct, I am also in agreement that there is a need for a body independent of police and maybe even politicians. There responsibility will be to s erve as a check on the potential neglect or cover up of police misconduct. I, along with many others, am in favor of such an external body that is not subject to peer pressure and loyalty to police. This body should have the authority to investigate complaints and/or monitor police investigations. There are currently some organizations with some or all of these attributes. A civilian review board is an entity external to the police department’s internal affairs, and consists of citizens from outside the department, appointed by the mayor or other senior government officials. A civilian review board is generally charged with the duty of reviewing complaints and making recommendations as to disciplinary action after the police department has completed its own investigation and made a disciplinary recommendation. A civilian review board is usually charged with reviewing the same materials or a redacted version of what the internal affairs division examined, although a civilian review board could be given investigative power in order to conduct its own inquiry into the complaint. Such authority could include subpoena power, and the ability to administer oaths and compel the production of documents. The sufficiency of individual case files, and thus the accuracy of a subsequent review, may depend heavily on what information the board is given and whether it can supplement these files on its own initiative. A key concern with instituting a civilian review board has to do with how much weight the recommendation of the board is accorded by law, that is, how binding. The activities of the board may be symbolic, as it has indeed been suggested that civilian review boards end up â€Å"agreeing with the police department in almost all instances. The importance of the civilian review board, therefore, rests on whether the disciplining officer is forced to accept or to provide a public account of why the recommendation is not accepted. For civilian review boards to be effective, they should be provided the authority to override the recommendations of the police, although such prospects are somewhat unrealistic. A study of 17 law enforcement agencies found that citizen review boards sustain police brutality complaints at a higher percentage than do the police themselves, suggesting that such boards operate more fairly. Copwatch is a U. S. -based network of organizations that actively monitors and videotapes the police to prevent brutality. Umbrella organizations and justice committees (often named after a deceased individual or those victimized by police violence) usually engage in a solidarity of those affected. Amnesty International is another organization active in the issue of police brutality. With some modifications, these organizations could work well in protecting citizens and holding police accountable. CONCLUSION It is the duty of police officers to protect and defend the citizens within their community against criminals, to uphold and enforce the criminal laws of the United States and to provide leadership and criminal justice services. It is without a doubt that the vast majority of the law enforcement officers in this country perform their very difficult jobs with respect for their communities and in compliance with the law. Even so, there are incidents in which this is not the case. This paper examines police culture and misconduct, while focusing on the issues, highlighting the laws and theories, and making suggestions that, hopefully, will suffice as an effective means of combating this growing concern. Police misconduct has not changed much since the nineteenth century. It continues to be a chronic problem. Findings suggest that social learning theory provides a useful explanation of police misconduct. Police culture seems to be an offspring of this theory. This leads to the necessary laws enforced by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) that have been established to address police misconduct and explains how you can file a complaint if you believe your rights have been violated. To help uphold these laws, it is clear that there should be a proactive approach in reducing complaints against police forces by reducing conflict between officers and citizens and by minimizing corruption and misconduct opportunities by zooming in on organizational culture.